In 2014, west african countries guinea, liberia, and sierra leone. Potential for large outbreaks of ebola virus disease. Unmil radio and the liberian broadcasting system began airing its daily, 30minute talk show on. Ebola virus disease and personal protective equipment. The current outbreak started in february 2014 in guinea, west africa and spread into liberia in march. Nov 21, 2014 the ebola outbreak that began in west africa in early 2014 is the worst outbreak of this virus in history.
Antiebola therapy for patients with ebola virus disease. Ebola, the killer virus infectious diseases of poverty. Consequently, in 2010, a group of researchers recommended that the name ebola virus be adopted for a subclassification within the species zaire ebolavirus, with the corresponding abbreviation ebov. It is responsible for causing ebola virus disease evd that is a severe hemorrhagic fever and has a cumulative death rate of 41% in the ongoing epidemic in west africa. Nov 26, 2015 the 20142015 ebola virus disease evd epidemic in west africa was first detected in march 2014 in guinea. The 2014 ebola virus disease evd outbreak in west africa was more devastating than all previous evd outbreaks combined. Transmission has been attributed to reuse of unsterilized needles and close personal contact. The figure above is a bar chart showing the number of cases of ebola viral disease evd in the ongoing outbreak that were reported from guinea, by week of symptom onset in during 2014. To address perceived decreased vaccination coverage, sierra leone conducted a catchup vaccination campaign during 2427 april 2015. The partisan fight over the government response to the virus echoes the debate in 2014, when ebola featured prominently in. The severe epidemic of ebola virus disease in liberia started in march 2014. Ebola virus, a rna virus, was discovered in 1976 as zaire ebolavirus and currently is responsible for outbreak in the west africa. Reversion of advanced ebola virus disease in nonhuman. Liberia had by then reported 10,672 cases of ebola.
Ebola is caused by infection with a virus of the family filoviridae, genus ebolavirus. Pdf in march 2014, the largest ebola outbreak in history exploded across west africa. Ebola virus disease has an average case fatality rate of 50%. Ebola virus disease evd is one of numerous viral hemorrhagic fevers.
With a total of 28,220 reported cases and 11,291 reported deaths as reported by the who on september 16, 2015, the largest evd outbreak ever documented 2, 3, the disease showed its devastating potential. However, there has been criticism of the timing and focus of this response, and it remains unclear how much it contributed to curbing the 2014 2015 ebola epidemic. Pdf ebola virus was first discovered in 1976,who reports 24 outbreaks. The authors analyzed changes in the viral sequence and conclude that the current outbreak probably resulted from. Preventing transmission of pathogens in the health care setting with the use of personal protective equipment ppe has been an area of longstanding debate in the infection prevention community. Lessons learned for public health from the ebola outbreak in west africa how to improve preparedness and response in the eu for future outbreaks. Ebola virus disease evd, implications of introduction in the americas. Although we have known epidemics of untreatable diseases in the past, this particular one may be unique in the intensity and rapidity of its spread, as well as ethical challenges that it has created, exacerbated by its geographic location.
A key focus of the ebola response in sierra leone was the promotion and implementation of safe, dignified burials to prevent ebola transmission by. The high rate of mortality in the current ebola epidemic has made it difficult for researchers to collect samples of the virus and study its evolution. Regional spread of ebola virus, west africa, 2014 volume 21. Ebola virus disease outbreak west africa, september 2014. Ebola virus disease global health jama jama network. We found that the risk for infection in an area can be predicted by case counts, population data, and distances between affected and nonaffected areas. The resulting transmission trees provide unique insights into the individual variation in the number of secondary cases generated by an infected index case. Ebola can cause disease in humans and nonhuman primates monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees. Nationwide statement by madam ellen johnson sirleaf president of the republic of liberia on the ebola virus. Clinical and virological characteristics of ebola virus.
No approved antiviral drugs are available for ebola treatment currently. An epidemic of ebola virus disease is occurring in western africa on a scale not seen before, particularly in the. A better understanding of this variation provides crucial information about. It is a severe, often fatal disease 50%90% fatality in humans and nonhuman primates such as monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees. The mucinliked region of the ebola virus envelope play a significant role in viral infection in nonhuman primates and.
Age and ebola viral load correlate with mortality and. The deadliest outbreak of ebola virus on record has sparked fears that the killer virus could spread from west africa to other regions and continents. Ebola, previously known as ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with one of the ebola virus strains. Genomic surveillance elucidates ebola virus origin and. Introduction to ebola virus disease world health organization. As of 27 march 2016, 28,646 cases of evd were reported, with 11,323 deaths in 10 countries, making it the biggest and most widespread evd epidemic to date. Ousmane faye and colleagues1 recently described the chains of transmission for 152 individuals infected with ebola virus diseases in guinea. Efforts must be made to better understand these mobility. After ebola in west africa world health organization. In some people, ebola virus causes symptoms similar to influenza virus, such as fevers, headache, muscle pains, vomiting, or diarrhea. The current ebola outbreak in west africa is unprecedented in magnitude and duration and, as of november 30, 2014, shows no signs of abating. Previous ebola virus outbreaks have been confined to remote regions of central africa, and the largest, in zaire now the democratic republic of the congo in 1976, had 318 cases.
Background on march 23, 2014, the world health organization who was notified of an outbreak of ebola virus disease. Ebola virus is one of the most deadly pathogens known to infect humans. As of june 18, 2014, a total of 528 cases, including 337 deaths, had been reported from guinea, liberia, and sierra leone. In the three decades since the first reported case of ebola virus, most known index cases have been consistently traced to the hunting of bush meat, and women have consistently recorded relatively high fatality rates in most catastrophic outbreaks. Early supportive care with rehydration, symptomatic treatment improves survival. The ongoing 2014 west africa ebola epidemic has been considered as the most serious panic in the medical. Other articles 2019 novel coronavirus covid19 general information. Chapter 3 ebola virus the origins history of ebola virus outbreaks chapter 4 ebola virus in the light of other pandemics chapter 5 most recent outbreaks 2014 chapter 6 west saharan response to ebola virus epidemic chapter 7 ebola virus disease in the united states chapter 8 structure and genetics of ebola virus disease.
Pdf ebola virus disease, management, and prevention. As of february 17, 2016, a total of 14,122 cases 62% confirmed of ebola virus disease ebola and 3,955 ebola related deaths had been reported in sierra leone since the epidemic in west africa began in 2014 1. Evolution and spread of ebola virus in liberia, 20142015. Figure s1, tables s3s6, and supplemental experimental procedures.
We used the twitter search engine to collect all tweets in english with the terms ebola and prevention or cure from guinea, liberia, and nigeria during 1 to 7 september 2014. The most protracted and complicated epidemic of ebola virus ebov disease to date, and the first in western africa, began with the report of 49 cases in guinea on 22 march 2014. Understanding human movement and mobility is important for characterizing, forecasting, and controlling the spatial and temporal spread of infectious diseases. Using a mathematical model, we estimated how many ebola virus. Clinical and virological characteristics of ebola virus disease patients treated with favipiravir t705sierra leone, 2014 changqing bai. Use the mouseover display to view titles of individual pdf files at left. However, between march and october 2014, over 10 000 cases of evd have been recorded in. Costs and benefits of early response in the ebola virus. Nov 30, 2000 whereas the rodent model has been useful in the development of a vaccine strategy, ebola virus isolated directly from humans must first be adapted by multiple, sequential passages in rodents in.
The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and then spreads in the human population through humantohuman transmission. Impact of the ebola outbreak on routine immunization in. Here is a collection of literature relevant to the use of silver as a cure for ebola and related hemorrhagic viruses. Fruit bats belonging to the pteropodidae family are thought to be the natural hosts of the ebola virus, although the virus has not been isolated yet from bats in. The world health organization and centers for disease control and prevention have developed guidance to educate and inform healthcare workers and travelers worldwide.
Since march 2014, the ebola virus disease evd outbreak in west africa disrupted health care systems especially in guinea, liberia and sierra leone with a consequential stress on the areas routine immunization programs. A practical communitybased response strategy to interrupt. To explain the spread of the 2014 ebola epidemic in west africa, and thus help with response planning, we analyzed publicly available data. Fruit bats belonging to the pteropodidae family are thought to be the natural hosts of the ebola virus, although the virus has not been isolated yet from bats in natural conditions. During 2014 2015, an outbreak of ebola virus disease evd swept across parts of west africa. Mar 27, 2014 the deadliest outbreak of ebola virus on record has sparked fears that the killer virus could spread from west africa to other regions and continents. A new treatment, containing an optimized cocktail of three monoclonal antibodies against ebola virus, provided full protection and disease reversal in rhesus monkeys when given under conditions in. Ebola viruscentered knowledge base database oxford. In other people, it causes severe illness with bruising, bleeding, and failure of many organs in the body, eventually leading to death. Ebola virus disease 20 2014 outbreak in west africa. Ebola viruscentered knowledge base database oxford academic. The virus is responsible for the 2014 west africa ebola virus outbreak, with the largest number of deaths to date. We will look at the infectious agent and the epidemic it. The average ebola case fatality rate is around 50%.
Ebola virus ebov, of the family filoviridae viruses, is a niaid category a, lethal human pathogen. Eleven cases were reported, including these four cases and seven cases medically evacuated from other countries. Published ebola virus genomes from the western african ebola virus disease outbreak, march 2014 january 2015. The ebola outbreak in west africa the new york times. In 2014 and 2015, the largest ebola virus disease evd outbreak in history affected large populations across west africa. Ebola disease ebola disease is a severe, often fatal illness in humans.
However, on the basis of evidence and the nature of similar viruses, researchers believe that the virus is animalborne and that bats are the most likely reservoir. Since 1976, 25 ebola outbreaks occurred mostly in central. This is very important, given the current uncontrolled outbreaks of ebola 2014, and now their uncontrolled spread. It cause hemorrhagic fever in human and nonhuman primates with high mortality rate up to 90% and. International political economy and the 2014 west african ebola outbreak volume 58 issue 1 adia benton, kim yi dionne. Previous ebola virus outbreaks have been confined to remote regions of central africa, and the largest, in zaire now the democratic republic of the congo in 1976. Number of cases of ebola viral disease n 398, by week of symptom onset guinea, 2014 cases reported as of june 18, 2014. Ebola virus disease is considered to be zoonotic, with occasional spillovers to humans, apes, and possibly other animals. Cluster of ebola virus disease linked to a single funeral. Residues differentially conserved between ebola and reston viruses are shown in red present in interface, orange not in the interface site, they are and labelled with the ebola virus amino acid, residue number followed by the reston virus amino acid. However, most scientific articles continued to refer to ebola virus or used the terms ebola virus and zaire ebolavirus in parallel.
A comprehensive database of the geographic spread of past. Kansas ebola preparedness and response plan version 9. Outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa ecdc. Jan 30, 2015 the 2014 outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in west africa, caused by ebola virus zaire ebola virus species, is the largest outbreak of evd in history. The ebola virus is transmitted to people from bats or nonhuman primates and spreads within human populations by persontoperson transmission. Ebola virus genomes from liberian ebola virus disease patients processed at the liberian institute for biomedical research, june 2014february 2015.
Total number of ebola confirmed cases in liberia stand at 5 as of today. The natural reservoir host of ebola virus remains unknown. The figure above is a bar chart showing the cumulative number of ebola virus disease cases reported in five countries in west africa during march 29september 20, 2014. So great has been the havoc of this outbreak that 3685 cases and 1841 deaths have been reported as of 31 august 2014. If nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Zvectorborneviralhaemorrhagicfeverguidancefile,4661,en. Ebola virus disease ebola army public health center.
May 15, 2018 the ebola virus disease evd outbreak 2014 received extensive news media coverage, which faded out before the outbreak ended. Panel a shows numbers of cases of ebola virus disease confirmed nationally each week during 2014 and 2015. Probing into the factors that led to the widespread outbreak, setting forth plans to counter evd cases in developing countries, and devising definitive measures to limit the spread of the disease are essential steps that must be. Ebola virus disease evd is a rare but often fatal infectious disease that affects humans and nonhuman primates including chimpanzees, gorillas, and monkeys. Changes in risk perceptions during the 2014 ebola virus.
Contribute to cmrivers ebola development by creating an account on github. The current outbreak started in february 2014 in guinea, west africa and. Unfortunately, the current west african ebola outbreak is taking place in a region where mobility has changed considerably in recent years. Ebola superspreading the lancet infectious diseases. Ebola virus disease evd has become a public health emergency of international concern. It provides an update on research on the ecology of ebola viruses, modes of contamination and human transmission of the. Ebola, the killer virus article pdf available in infectious diseases of poverty 41. International political economy and the 2014 west african. The west african ebola virus disease evd epidemic of 2014 to 2016 resulted in at least 28,616 cases and at least 11,310 deaths. This study aims to estimate the costs and health effects of earlier interventions in sierra leone. The figure above is a map of west africa, showing the wide geographic spread of cases of ebola viral disease during the ongoing outbreak. After reports that misinformation spread by text messages led to deaths,2 3 we checked the quality of ebola related information on twitter. Download acrobat pdf file 3mb recommended articles citing articles 0. The world health organization who declared it a public health emergency of international concern on august 7, 2014.
Ebola virus disease evd, or simply ebola, is a viral haemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Four laboratoryconfirmed cases of ebola virus disease commonly known as ebola occurred in the united states in 2014. According to the latest world health organization update, a total of 6,574 ebola cases had been reported as of september 23 from five west africa countries. Introduction to ebola disease world health organization. Pdf ebola virus disease evd is a lifethreatening viral disease with a fatality rate ranging from around 30% to 90%. An interactive graphic provides information on past and present ebola outbreaks, as well as on the current understanding of the ebola virus and its. Sassolini a, di giovanni d, rea s, gabbarini v, tamburrini a, palombi l, bellecci c, gaudio p. The ebola outbreak, fragile health systems, and quality as a. Armed mai mai militiamen attacked an ebola treatment centre at the heart of an. Timeline of the worlds largest outbreak medscape dec 23, 2014. The incubation period of ebola virus disease evd varies from 2 to 21 days.
Between june 2014 and february 2015, thousands of ebola treatment beds were introduced in sierra leone, alongside other infection control measures. There have been more than twentyfive known outbreaks of ebola virus disease in africa since the disease was first identified in zaire. Pdf on may 1, 2014, kevin b laupland and others published ebola virus disease find, read and cite all the research. Pdf ebola virus disease is one of the most deadly ailments known to mankind due to its high mortality. Early symptoms of ebola virus disease evd may be similar to other.
The ebola outbreak, fragile health systems, and quality as a cure. Ebola virus disease evd has mostly affected economically deprived countries as limited resources adversely affect a countrys infrastructure and administration. Mar 16, 2020 the 20142016 ebola virus disease evd outbreak in west africa was the largest evd outbreak recorded, which has triggered calls for investments that would facilitate an even earlier response. Measuring the impact of ebola control measures in sierra. Outbreak, fragile health systems, and quality as a cure. Ebola virus disease is a rare disease caused by the ebola virus.
Age and ebola viral load correlate with mortality and survival time in 288 ebola virus. As of june 18, 2014, a total of 528 cases, including 337 deaths, had been reported from guinea. The ebola virus disease evd outbreak 2014 received extensive news media coverage, which faded out before the outbreak ended. In april 2014, researchers discovered that the ebola virus in guinea was a new strain of ebola, although 97% similar to the zaire strain from central africa. Case management in prior ebola virus outbreaks has generally focused on isolating patients with evd, infection prevention and control procedures, and various degrees of basic supportive care. Investigating ebola virus pathogenicity using molecular. On may 9, 2015, the world health organization declared liberia free of ebola, 42 days after safe burial of the last known casepatient. Economic and social burden of the 2014 ebola outbreak in west. Location of cases of ebola viral disease west africa, 2014 cases reported as of june 18, 2014. The perspective of gender on the ebola virus using a risk. Previous evd outbreaks were confined to remote regions of central africa. Ebola and its control in liberia, 20142015 volume 22. This paper discusses ebolarelated risk factors, which constantly interact with cultural values, and provides an insight into the link.
Ebolashell ddos with multiple methods dns info and reporting whois site look up port scanner site check is it up only checks site from server location. In this article, we present the approach used towards the construction of an ebola virus centred knowledge base ebola kb. Four of the five virus strains occur in an animal host native to africa. Ebola, a viral disease characterized by fever, diarrhea, vomiting, and hemorrhage, entered this region and started a disease outbreak. Ebola spotlight emerging infectious diseases journal cdc. The 2014 ebola virus disease outbreak in pujehun, sierra. In an online panel, we asked participants n 76 about evd risk perceptions at the epidemic.
Situation map of the ebola virus epidemic in west africa, updated and referenced according to the latest data at the section en. The tremendous outbreak of ebola virus disease occurring in west africa since the end of 20 surprises by its remoteness from previous epidemics and dramatic extent. The current ebola epidemic has presented challenges both medical and ethical. A comprehensive database of the geographic spread of past human ebola outbreaks. The ebola outbreak, fragile health systems, and quality as. Outbreaks from the same ebola virus strain have resulted in varying case fatality estimates, but there is consensus that the zaire ebolavirus is the most virulent among the five species and. Nine of the people contracted the disease outside the us and traveled into the country, either as. Recently, reports of nosocomial transmission of ebola virus to 2 nurses from the same patient in texas.